Abstract Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), also known as the “Andean Moon Moth”, is a Neotropical species native to continental Chile whose larvae feed on species of the families Gomortegaceae, Laureaceae and Winteraceae. We describe and document C. frauenfeldii immature stages, namely, egg, its four larval instars, and chaetotaxy of the last instar, pupa and cocoon for the first time. In terms of its phenology, we extend its larval activity, originally described to occur between November and mid-December, to June until the end of January. We report the adult flight period depends on the species’ distributional range following two well-differentiated patterns: February to mid-April in Central-North Chile and April to June in Central-South Chile. Furthermore, we provide a unified view of its current distributional range and host plants (including the endangered tree Gomortega keule) through bibliographic data, field observations and laboratory rearing. Finally, we discuss aspects of the species’ conservation as part of the unique ecosystems found in the temperate forests of southern South-America.

Abstract Macaria kruegeri Vargas, Hausmann & Parra sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on adults reared from larvae collected on the shrub Adesmia spinosissima Meyen (Fabaceae) at about 3200 m elevation in the Andes of northern Chile. Macaria kruegeri resembles Macaria alba (Bartlett-Calvert, 1893), described from southern Chile. However, the two species can be accurately separated based on subtle differences in wing pattern and the shape of the valvula of the male genitalia. In addition, there is a DNA barcode divergence (COI gene) of 4.9% between both taxa.

ABSTRACT The combination Castnia psittacus (Molina) designated by Philippi (1867) and later argued by Ureta (1955) is invalidated by deficiencies, inconsistencies, misrepresentations and misinterpretations of the description made by Molina. Castnia eudesmia Gray stat. rev. is proposed as the valid combination, while the epithet “psittacus” is assigned to the only Papilionidae of Chile Battus polydamas.

RESUMEN La combinación Castnia psittacus (Molina) designada por Philippi (1867) y argumentada posteriormente por Ureta (1955) es invalidada por deficiencias, incoherencias, tergiversaciones y malas interpretaciones de la descripción realizada por Molina. Castnia eudesmia Gray stat. rev., es propuesta como la combinación válida, mientras el epíteto “psittacus” es asignado al único Papilionidae de Chile Battus polydamas.

ABSTRACT The Geometridae are the second most diverse family of Lepidoptera. Seven subfamilies of geometrid moths have been recognized worldwide, and five of those have been recorded in Chile. The highest species richness of Chilean Geometrids is concentrated in Ennominae and Larentiinae, subfamilies that will be treated in subsequent volumes of this catalogue. The earlier catalogue of the Chilean geometrid moths was published by Angulo & Casanueva (1981), who listed species with no more records that type locality and some flight periods. Since then, much of the taxonomic knowledge has changed, resulting in new combinations and descriptions of numerous new species, as well as establishing new species records for Chile. For each species, we include BIN number (if available), synonymy, biological data, host, references, known geographical distribution, flight period and reference photographs of species. In order to obtain both old and new data, we used specimens from different national and international scientific collections. The result was a review of 13 geometrid moths, which represent the three less known subfamilies of this group in Chile: Archiearinae, Geometrinae and Sterrhinae.

RESUMEN Los Geometridae son la segunda familia más diversa de Lepidoptera. Siete subfamilias de geométridos han sido reconocidas en todo el mundo, y cinco de ellas han sido registradas en Chile. La mayor riqueza de especies de geométridos chilenos se concentra en Ennominae y Larentiinae, subfamilias que se tratarán en volúmenes posteriores de este catálogo. El anterior catálogo de geométridos chilenos fue publicado por Angulo & Casanueva (1981), quienes enumeraron las especies con no más registros que la localidad tipo y algunos períodos de vuelo. Desde entonces, gran parte del conocimiento taxonómico ha cambiado, dando como resultado nuevas combinaciones y descripciones de numerosas especies nuevas, así como el establecimiento de nuevos registros de especies para Chile. Para cada especie, incluimos el número de BIN (si está disponible), la sinonimia, los datos biológicos, hospederos, referencias bibliográficas, distribución geográfica conocida, período de vuelo y fotografías de referencia de las especies. Con el fin de obtener datos antiguos y nuevos, utilizamos muestras de diferentes colecciones científicas nacionales e internacionales. El resultado fue una revisión de 13 geométridos, los que representan las tres subfamilias menos conocidas de este grupo en Chile: Archiearinae, Geometrinae y Sterrhinae.

ABSTRACT Phylogenetic study of the genera of South American Austral Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae): a new classification. In this work, we evaluate the taxonomy of the Trichopterygini in Chile based on a phylogenetic analysis of the morphological attributes. In our analysis, we used Tatosoma and Sauris as outgroups. Two approaches were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships: 1) parsimony criterion, and 2) Bayesian inference. Parsimony analysis was conducted in PAUP software, and Bayesian analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo using the BayesPhylogenies software. Our results based on the phylogenetic hypothesis suggest a new taxonomic order for Trichopterygini of the Andean Region of Southern South America. The valid genera are: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra, Tomopteryx Philippi, Triptila Warren, Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, Warrenaria Parra. The main changes with respect to the previous taxonomic order are: 1) the genus Lagynopteryx Berg is subordinated under the Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren is a junior synonym of Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta is transferred to the genus Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana is a junior synonym of L. moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa is newly combined with the genus Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis is a junior synonym of D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophora imbricaria is newly combined with the genus Danielaparra; 8) Triptiloides fasciata is a junior synonym of T. randallae; and 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. is described. Andean Region species are more closely related to the genus Tatosoma from New Zealand, the synapomorphies that demonstrate this are: swollen metaepimeron and hypertrophy of the second abdominal segment. A checklist of the genera and species of the tribe in the region, and the figures of adults and genitalia of some species are included.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se evalúa la taxonomía de los Trichopterygini de Chile a partir de un análisis filogenético de los atributos morfológicos. En nuestro análisis, hemos utilizado Tatosoma y Sauris como grupos externos. Se utilizaron dos enfoques para evaluar las relaciones filogenéticas: 1) criterio de parsimonia, y 2) inferencia bayesiana. El análisis de parsimonia se realizó a través del programa PAUP y el análisis bayesiano con cadenas de Markov y Monte Carlo a través del programa BayesPhylogenies. Nuestros resultados basados en la hipótesis filogenética sugieren un nuevo orden taxonómico para Trichopterygini de la Región Andina del Sur de Sudamérica. Los géneros válidos son: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra & Santos-Salas, Tomopteryx Philippi, Triptila Warren y Warrenaria Parra. Los principales cambios con respecto al orden taxonómico anterior son: 1) el género Lagynopteryx Berg se incorpora a Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren es el sinónimo junior de Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta se incorpora al género Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana es el sinónimo junior de L. Moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa es incorporada al género Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis es el sinónimo junior de D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophora imbricaria es incorporada al género Danielaparra; Triptiloides fasciata es el sinónimo junior de T. randallae; y 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. es descrita. Las especies de la Región Andina están más cerca del Tatosoma de Nueva Zelanda, las sinapomorfias que demuestran esto son: el metaepimeron hinchado y la hipertrofia del segundo segmento abdominal. Se incluye un catálogo de los géneros y especies de la tribu en la región, y fotografías de adultos y armaduras genitales de algunas especies.

Se determinó la filogenia de Syncirsodes Butler, sobre la base de caracteres morfológicos. Las especies incluidas son: S. distictaria, S. hyadesi, S. primata y S. straminea. Se usaron 27 caracteres morfológicos de estructuras externas e internas de adultos, con énfasis en la genitalia de machos y hembras y en el metafurcaesterno. Se encontró un cladograma parsimonioso (longitud = 51, CI = 0,94; RI = 0,83). La hipótesis filogenética sugiere dos grupos de especies hermanas: S. distictaria + S. straminea y S. hyadesi + S. primata.

In this study, the phylogeny of species in the genus Syncirsodes Butler, based on morphological characters, was determined. Species included were: S. distictaria, S. hyadesi, S. primata, and S. straminea. Twenty-seven morphological characters of adult external and internal structures were used, with principal emphasis on male and female genitalia and metafurcasternum. A parsimonious cladogram (L = 51, CI = 0.94, RI = 0.83) was made. The phylogenetic hypothesis suggests two groups of sister species: S. distictaria + S. straminea and S. hyadesi + S. primata.

Latitudinal gradient effect on the wing geometry of Auca coctei (Guérin) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). When the environmental conditions change locally, the organisms and populations may also change in response to the selection pressure, so that the development of individuals may become affected in different degrees. There have been only a few studies in which the patterns of wing morphology variation have been looked into along a latitudinal gradient by means of geometric morphometrics. The aim of this work was to assess the morphologic differentiation of wing among butterfly populations of the species Auca coctei. For this purpose, 9 sampling locations were used which are representative of the distribution range of the butterfly and cover a wide latitudinal range in Chile. The wing morphology was studied in a total of 202 specimens of A. coctei (150 males and 52 females), based on digitization of 17 morphologic landmarks. The results show variation of wing shape in both sexes; however, for the centroid size there was significant variation only in females. Females show smaller centroid size at higher latitudes, therefore in this study the Bergmann reverse rule is confirmed for females of A. coctei. Our study extends morphologic projections with latitude, suggesting that wing variation is an environmental response from diverse origins and may influence different characteristics of the life history of a butterfly.

A replacement name for Hualpenia Mundaca, Parra & Vargas (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Vihualpenia nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Hualpenia Mundaca, Parra & Vargas, 2013 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), in order to remove homonymy with Hualpenia Franz, 1996 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae).

Se describe e ilustra el huevo, la larva y la pupa de Iridopsis parrai (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Se detectó variación en el número de aberturas micropilares y de rosetas micropilares del huevo. La morfología externa es descrita por primera vez para la larva de primer instar de una especie de Iridopsis. Se detectaron dos morfos a partir del tercer instar larval. Los resultados son discutidos en relación con la literatura disponible.

Egg, larva and pupa of Iridopsis parrai (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) are described and illustrated. The number of micropylar openings and micropylar cells in the egg varied. The external morphology of the first instar larva is described for the first time for the genus Iridopsis. Two forms were detected in the third, fourth and fifth larval instars. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies.

A new genus and species of leaf miner (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) for Chile associated to the native tree Lithraea caustica. We propose the new genus and species of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) Hualpenia lithraeophaga Mundaca, Parra &Vargas gen. nov., sp. nov., leaf miner of Lithraea caustica (Mol.) H. et Arn (Anacardiaceae) occurring in southern central Chile. Aspects of the life cycle, adult and larval morphology, development and feeding habits of the new genus and species are also presented. We emphasise the uniqueness and importance of this new species for broadening the current knowledge on the Chilean fauna of Gracillariidae.

Heterobathmia pseuderiocrania Kristensen & Nielsen (Lepidoptera, Heterobathmiidae): identification based on DNA-barcoding and notes on the morphology and life history of the immature stages. The larva morphology of the species Heterobathmia pseuderiocrania (Lepidoptera, Heterobathmiidae), a Nothofagus obliqua leafminer in Chile, is described. The tissue-feeding first and last instars are described. Also, the number of larval stages, some aspects of the biology and life cycle of the species are provided.

O número de ínstares sugadores do minador de folhas Angelabella tecomae Vargas & Parra, 2005 foi determinado mediante a coleta de exúvias de cápsulas cefálicas de larvas sugadoras em minas (n = 125) do arbusto Tecoma fulva fulva D. Don (Bignoniaceae), no vale de Azapa, norte do Chile. A larva passou por quatro ínstares em 120 ocasiões, e por cinco ínstares, em outras cinco. As possíveis causas da variação e a utilidade da ferramenta para futuros estudos são discutidos.

The number of sap-feeding instars of the leaf-miner Angelabella tecomae Vargas & Parra, 2005 was determined by measuring the head capsule exuviae collected from mines (n = 125) on the shrub Tecoma fulva fulva D. Don (Bignoniaceae) in the Azapa Valley, northern Chile. Sap-feeding larvae went through four instars in 120 occasions while five larvae went through five instars. The possible causes for this variation and the usefulness of this tool for future studies are discussed.

Variations can be observed in pollinator assemblages of exotic species in response to changes in environment or to variables that did not receive much attention. This paper is the first approximation of the abundance of pollinator species associated with Eucalyptus nitens in a Clonal seed-bank plantation (CSBP) of the farm "Rucamanqui", Huepil, Biobío Region in Chile. Between October and November 2010, we examined the variation of pollinator's entomofauna of E. nitens. Environmental factors, such as temperature and the number of open flowers per plant, were registered to determine the level of dependence on the frequency of visits. The most abundant insects visiting E. nitens belonged to the orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. However, the proportion of individuals in each group of flower visitors varied considerably among the sampling months: Hymenoptera (203), Coleoptera (21) in October and Coleoptera (280), Hymenoptera (57) in November. For Hymenoptera, environmental temperature was significant compared to frequency of visitors; whereas for Coleoptera, the number of open flowers per plant has been significant for insect activity. Results show that the visit frequency of pollinators in E. nitens is highly variable within the sampling period and temperature and density of open flowers per plant can produce variations within the group of pollinators.

Las variaciones que se pueden observar en los ensambles de polinizadores de especies exóticas, en respuesta a cambios en las variables ambientales o florales, no han recibido mucha atención. Este trabajo constituye la primera aproximación sobre la abundancia de especies polinizadoras, asociadas al Eucalyptus nitens en un huerto semillero clonal de la hacienda Rucamanqui, localidad de Huépil (37º 15' S y 71º 55' O), región del Biobío. Entre octubre y noviembre de 2010, se examinó la variación de la entomofauna polinizadora de E. nitens. Se registraron además factores como la temperatura ambiental y el número de flores abiertas por planta para determinar el nivel de dependencia de la frecuencia de visitas. Los insectos más abundantes que visitaron a E. nitens pertenecen a los órdenes Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera y Lepidoptera. Sin embargo, la proporción del total de los individuos visitantes florales en cada uno de los grupos varió notablemente entre los meses de muestreo: Hymenoptera (203), Coleoptera (21) en octubre, y Coleoptera (280), Hymenoptera (57) en noviembre. Para Hymenoptera la temperatura ambiental fue significativa frente a la frecuencia de visitas y para Coleoptera el número de flores abiertas por planta fue significativo frente a la actividad de los insectos. Los resultados muestran que sobre E. nitens la frecuencia de visita de polinizadores es altamente variable dentro del período de muestreo y que la temperatura y la densidad de flores abiertas por planta pueden generar variación dentro de cada grupo de polinizadores.

The ability of an organism to produce an ideal phenotype, despite the disturbances encountered during its development is the causal mechanism of the developmental stability (DS). This ability is used to evaluate a variety of stress types and the genotypic ability to correct them. The measurement tool mostly used to estimate the DS is the fluctuating asymmetry (FA), this being a small measure of random deviations that occur between the left and right sides of bilaterally symmetrical features. The study of FA management in its simplicity and speed in obtaining results has become the focus of interest in biology, and during the last years, and although there has been a progressive increase in published articles using FA to evaluate disturbances in the DS, many questions remain as to what constitutes the underlying causes that generate FA. This review compiles information on the progress in studies of FA use, its methodology, mechanisms, benefits and controversies in time, and proposes that it is strictly necessary to generate a better understanding of this tool, and as a result the use of more precise study models that justify a unified approach to the analysis of patterns in FA and DS.

La capacidad de un organismo para producir un fenotipo ideal, pese a las perturbaciones encontradas durante su desarrollo, es el mecanismo causal de la estabilidad del desarrollo (ED). Esta capacidad es utilizada para evaluar variedad de tipos de estrés y la capacidad genotípica de corregirlos. La herramienta de medición más utilizada para estimar la ED es la asimetría fluctuante (AF), siendo esta una medida de las pequeñas desviaciones al azar que ocurren entre el lado izquierdo y derecho de rasgos bilateralmente simétricos. El estudio de AF, por su simplicidad de manejo y rapidez en la obtención de resultados, se ha convertido en un foco de interés para la biología, y durante los últimos años el aumento en artículos publicados usando AF para evaluar perturbaciones en la ED ha sido progresivo, pero aun así existen muchas interrogantes de cuales son las causas subyacentes que generan la AF. La presente revisión recopila información sobre el avance en los estudios del uso de la AF, su metodología, mecanismos, ventajas y controversias en el tiempo, y propone que es estrictamente necesario generar una mejor comprensión de esta herramienta, producto de eso, la utilización de modelos más exactos de estudio que signifiquen (o justifiquen) un enfoque unificado en el análisis de los patrones en AF y ED.